I have tried to stay out of this thread, as I have given my opinion on this issue at least twice. However, there is so much misinformation and misunderstanding of evidentiary requirements that I am concerned all of this negative “press� from those of us in the pro-gun community may have a negative impact on this new statute.
Here is the analysis one should make when evaluating the application of this new presumption. First, as has been posted, there are five specific elements of the presumption, all of which must exist for the presumption of traveling to apply. They are as follows:
(i) For purposes of Subsection (b)(3), a person is presumed to be traveling if the person is: (1) in a private motor vehicle; (2) not otherwise engaged in criminal activity, other than a Class C misdemeanor that is a violation of a law or ordinance regulating traffic; (3) not otherwise prohibited by law from possessing a firearm; (4) not a member of a criminal street gang, as defined by Section 71.01; and (5) not carrying a handgun in plain view.
If all five of these elements are present, then the judge must present the presumption to the jury and he must instruct the jury that, unless the prosecution disproves at least one or more of the five required elements,
and nothing else, then the jury must find that the person was traveling. This language and requirement are new and are found in Tex. Penal Code §2.05(b).
The only way the judge can refuse to submit the presumption of traveling to the jury, along with the required instructions, is if he finds from the evidence as a whole that the presumed fact doesn’t exist.
Here is where the analysis problem begins. People who believe the old case law still applies, and that fresh groceries in the car or short trips will defeat the presumption, are being mislead by the terminology used in the statute, as well as their misunderstanding of evidentiary requirements for taking a case away from a jury.
The language some people are focusing on is the phrase
unless the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly precludes a finding beyond a reasonable doubt of the presumed fact. They then argue that this allows the prosecutor to argue to the judge that you were on a short trip or had fresh groceries in the car. This isn’t the way it works folks. In order to take an issue away from the jury, the evidence has to be so clear that reasonable jurors could come to but one conclusion. This means the court can only consider the same elements on which the jury would hear evidence, i.e. can the prosecution rebut one of the five elements of the presumption. The jury can consider only evidence dealing with the existence of those five elements, so the judge is also limited. A smart attorney and a good judge will object to any questions as to whether you had fresh groceries in the car, or how far you were going on that trip, as those questions are irrelevant to the five required elements.
A court must meet a very high standard to avoid presenting an issue to a jury, when evidence exists. If the judge were allowed to consider evidence on elements the jury cannot consider, then the court would enjoy an easier standard, not a more difficult one.
We may well see some prosecutions testing this new law, but it will not come from any intellectually honest prosecutor.
Regards,
Chas.